Which environment poses a higher risk for lead exposure in urban areas?

Housing with renovations presents a higher risk for lead exposure in urban areas primarily due to the presence of lead-based paint in older buildings. Many urban homes, particularly those built before the 1978 ban on lead-based paint, may contain this hazardous substance. When renovations are conducted—such as sanding, scraping, or demolition—lead dust and particles can be released into the air and settle on surfaces, posing a significant health risk, especially to children who are more vulnerable to lead exposure.

Additionally, urban environments often have a higher density of such older housing stock compared to other environments like forests, parks, or suburban areas, where lead risks are typically lower. The activities associated with renovations can disturb painted surfaces and lead to increased lead levels in the surrounding environment, thereby amplifying the potential for exposure to residents and workers involved in these projects.